In a closed system, such as a cooler or humidor, water in a container or water from a saturated sponge will evaporate until an equilibrium condition exists. That equilibrium condition, represented by the "relative humidity", is governed by the partial pressure of water vapor at a given temperature.
As we all know from experience, the partial pressure of water vapor (the relative humidity of the system) is way too high for storing cigars. When we add propylene glycol to the mix, we "interfere" with the ability of the water to evaporate from the sponge. In essence, the partial pressure of the water vapor is REDUCED by adding a material which inhibits the ability of the water vapor to evaporate.
The identity of the interfering material is really not important - it can be ethylene glycol, glycerin, or even common table salt - but the amount in the mix certainly IS important. At a 50-50 mix of propylene glycol to water, the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at 70 deg. F will yield a relative humidity of some 72% RH.
As more water tries to evaporate from the sponge, to take care of dry cigars, for example, or because the humidor is not really a truly closed system, it becomes increasingly difficult for the water to evaporate because the relative concentration of propylene glycol increases in the remaining mix. The propylene glycol is a non-volatile material and will not evaporate from the sponge. Once charged, the sponge should be replenished only with distilled water to restore the original 50-50 mix, if that is what is desired.
I prefer to keep my cigars at 67% relative humidity. To achieve this, I charge a sponge with a mixture of 58% propylene glycol and 42% water. As water evaporates from this system and the sponge struggles to raise the RH above about 64%, I add water at this time. The sponge will still feel "heavy", because it is then only loaded with PG.
Think of the amount of proylene glycol in your initial charge as a "humidistat" for your system. Here are the values to use for a given desired relative humidity, assuming a 70 deg. F storage temperature:
Desired RH %PG %H20
65 60 40
66 59 41
67 58 42
68 57 43
69 56 44
70 54 46
71 52 48
72 50 50
The astute observer will notice that the relationship between relative humidity and %PG in the system is not linear, but begins increasing sharply below about 55% PG in the system. This is why so many people struggle to get the %RH in their coolerdor down below 70%, even though they are using 50-50 mixes.